Certification takes place not only for specific aircraft types but also engines and propellers. Using the FAA as an example, that administration publishes a set of airworthiness standards that provide a framework around which a new aircraft may be designed and ultimately certified against. In practice, most countries follow the directive of the FAA, EASA, or CAAC (Civil Aviation Administration of China) when awarding Type Certificates. Most countries or regions have their own regulator who oversees the awarding a Type Certificate for operations in that particular region. Type Certificates are awarded through a regulatory body such as the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) or the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA). Once a Type Certificate is issued the design is frozen and cannot be modified unless a further certification exercise is undertaken to cover the changes made to the design. This Type Certificate (TC) confirms that the aircraft is manufactured according to a design approved by the regulator, where that design ensures compliance with all airworthiness regulations. The airworthiness of an aircraft design is signified through the awarding of a Type Certificate. We begin this series with a discussion of aircraft certification. Part five looks at the empennage, or tail section, and discusses the control surfaces found on the horizontal and vertical stabilizer. Part four is dedicated to high-lift devices namely the trailing edge flaps and leading edge slats common to modern aircraft. Part three focuses on the structural design of a typical semi-monocoque wing, and the control surfaces attached to the wing. We will discuss the various structural components that make up a typical fuselage design and discuss the types of loading that the fuselage must be designed to withstand. Part two looks at the fuselage in more detail. Part one is an overview and focuses on loads generation, structural design philosophies, and the material used in airframe manufacture. The aim of this mini-series is to provide an introduction to aircraft structures and the control surfaces attached to the wing and tail. Welcome to part one in a five-part series on airframe structures and control surfaces.
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